BRASIL NA ERUPÇÃO ESTRATÉGICA DO MEDITERRÂNEO EM UM CONTEXTO SOCIO-HISTÓRICO

Brazil under Lula presidency has developed an active diplomacy towards developing countries. Non-European Mediterranean states do not escape from the Brazilian strategy. This article aims at showing the new dynamism in political and economical links between Brazil and that region. Moreover, South-South relations help the Brazilian government to express its position on international issues, as this is the case for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.O Brasil tem desenvolvido uma diplomacia ativa até os chamados países do Sul durante os governos de Lula. Os Estados mediterrânicos não europeos também receberam atenção por varias razões: históricas, comerciais mas também estratégicas como parte do projeto brasileiro de emergência ao nivel mundial. Em particular, o governo brasileiro faz ouvir sua voz sobre o conflito israelo-palestino, o que ajuda sua projeção internacional

In vivo phenotypic and molecular characterization of retinal degeneration in mouse models of three ciliopathies

International audienceCilia are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed organelles. Ciliary defects of genetic origins lead to ci-liopathies, in which retinal degeneration (RD) is one cardinal clinical feature. In order to efficiently find and design new therapeutic strategies the underlying mechanism of retinal degeneration of three murine model was compared. The rodent models correspond to three emblematic ciliopathies, namely: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), Alström Syndrome (ALMS) and CEP290-mediated Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA). Scotopic rodent electroretinography (ERG) was used to test the retinal function of mice, Transmitted Electron microscopy (T.E.M) was performed to assess retinal structural defects and real-time PCR for targeted genes was used to monitor the expression levels of the major apoptotic Caspase-related pathways in retinal extracts to identify pathological pathways driving the RD in order to identify potential therapeutic targets. We found that BBS and CEP290-mediated LCA mouse models exhibit perinatal retinal degeneration associated with rhodopsin mis-localization in the photoreceptor and the induction of an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. On the other hand, the tested ALMS mouse model, displayed a slower degeneration phenotype, with no Rhodopsin mislocalization nor ER-stress activity. Our data points out that behind the general phenotype of vision loss associated with these ciliopathies, the mechanisms and kinetics of disease progression are different

Hydraulic and thermal impact modelling at the scale of the geothermal heating doublet in the Paris Basin, France

13 pagesInternational audienceThe Paris Basin is extensively developed for the geothermal district heating (GDH) of approximately 150 000 dwellings. As of late 2010, thirty four GDH systems apply the doublet concept in the Paris suburban area and mine the heat of the Dogger reservoir, a limestone formation of Mid-Jurassic age at depths ranging from 1500 to 2000 m. As the brine is fully reinjected, cold water bodies progressively invade the reservoir around injector wells inducing both thermal and hydraulic interactions at the doublet scale. The premature production well cooling and the sustainable development of the resource highlight two critical parameters, the thermal breakthrough time (tB) and the extent of the cooled fluid bubble(S) respectively. First, a set of benchtest simulations was launched to compare the sensitivities of tB and S parameters to selected reservoir conceptual model typologies. These simulations were applied on a GDH doublet undergoing a suspected thermal breakthrough. Five reservoir modelling teams validated their “in house” simulations by (i) checking an analytical (Gringarten-Sauty, 1979) solution, and (ii) testing three candidate reservoir structures on the doublet considered remotely located (i.e. not interfering with nearby exploitations) for a first step. The outcome resulted in a rewarding insight into the variability of simulation outputs. An additional segment will enable the actors to compare their modelling expertise on the same doublet considered in interaction with the other GDH operations located in its environment. Second, BRGM carried out a survey towards various rehabilitation schemes (a new doublet or a triplet) and their contribution toward sustainability standards. From a hypothetical, twenty five year life, doublet simulation, an initial hydraulic/temperature field was derived. Then, several new well locations were simulated and isotherms, alongside production well cooling kinetics, compared accordingly. A two-stage rehabilitation scheme, i.e. triplet then a new doublet, seems to reconcile the resource longevity and the economic demand. Further work is required to compare the different designs with a method integrating both the impact of the geothermal exploitation on the resource and the lifetime of the exploitation in a single mathematical factor

Viral to metazoan marine plankton nucleotide sequences from the Tara Oceans expedition

A unique collection of oceanic samples was gathered by the Tara Oceans expeditions (2009-2013), targeting plankton organisms ranging from viruses to metazoans, and providing rich environmental context measurements. Thanks to recent advances in the field of genomics, extensive sequencing has been performed for a deep genomic analysis of this huge collection of samples. A strategy based on different approaches, such as metabarcoding, metagenomics, single-cell genomics and metatranscriptomics, has been chosen for analysis of size-fractionated plankton communities. Here, we provide detailed procedures applied for genomic data generation, from nucleic acids extraction to sequence production, and we describe registries of genomics datasets available at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA, www.ebi.ac.uk/ena). The association of these metadata to the experimental procedures applied for their generation will help the scientific community to access these data and facilitate their analysis. This paper complements other efforts to provide a full description of experiments and open science resources generated from the Tara Oceans project, further extending their value for the study of the world's planktonic ecosystems

Las relaciones entre América Latina y África: ¿potenciales o ilusorias?

Incluye BibliografíaLas relaciones entre África y América Latina no suelen ser objeto de estudio. Sin embargo, con el aumento y dinamismo del comercio Sur-Sur, o sea entre los países en desarrollo, cabe preguntarse en qué medida los lazos africano-latinoamericanos participan del fenómeno. A nivel comercial, las relaciones interregionales permanecen a niveles bastante bajos y presentan altos grados de concentración en términos del número de países involucrados y productos intercambiados. Sin embargo, los vínculos han aumentado mucho desde hace algunos años, con su consiguiente diversificación. Si bien es muy difícil saber con exactitud el volumen de las inversiones interregionales debido a la falta de base de datos, se puede deducir que es un fenómeno aún en una fase inicial. Las pocas veces que se trata el tema comercial entre África y América Latina, se pone en realce la competencia existente entre esas dos regiones en el mercado mundial y se estudia el caso de sus intercambios con la República Popular de China. Esta afirmación, no obstante matizada, debe ser estudiada en el tiempo, pues las relaciones comerciales Sur-Sur han evolucionado muy rápido estos últimos años. Si bien los lazos económicos se mantienen relativamente bajos entre África y América Latina, se puede explicar en parte por los obstáculos resistentes a su buen desarrollo.Sin embargo, hoy en día las relaciones interregionales no se pueden resumir a un aspecto meramente económico. En efecto, varios países de América Latina han puesto en marcha políticas específicas hacia el continente africano, en particular en los casos de Brasil y Venezuela. Es así como también otros estados latinoamericanos, en el caso de Chile y México, han despertado un interés progresivo por África, aunque por ahora de una manera menos planificada. Estas incipientes tendencias permiten pensar que el desarrollo de las relaciones africanolatinoamericanas son potenciales aunque queda mucho camino por recorrer. De todos los casos estudiados, Brasil parece ser el país con vínculos más arraigados con el continente africano

Synthèse stéréosélective de 1,3-polyols - synthèse du (+)-cryptocaryol A et du squelette carboné de la filipine III

1,3-Polyols are present in a large variety of biologically active natural products. However, right now only a few general and efficient methods have been described to access these compounds in a stereocontrolled manner. We were particularly interested in the synthesis of 1,3,5,7-tetraols and a method has been developed to prepare these compounds, using two successive Prins cyclizations followed by a reductive cleavage of the resulting bis-tetrahydropyran. This efficient method allows the access to all the diastereomers of these tetraols and has successfully been applied to the synthesis of (+)-cryptocaryol A, a polyhydroxylated compound which stabilizes PdCd4, a protein inhibiting the cellular growth. We have also developed a synthetic approach toward filipin III, an antibiotic and antifungal macrolide, which possesses a 1,3-polyol part and a pentaenic part. Several strategies have been envisaged to construct these fragments, which have been synthesized in a convergent manner. These fragments were then coupled using a diastereoselective aldolisation and we were able to access the complete carbon skeleton of filipin III.Les motifs 1,3-polyols sont fréquemment rencontrés dans de nombreuses molécules naturelles biologiquement actives. Cependant, à ce jour, il n'existe que peu de méthodes générales et efficaces permettant d'accéder à ces motifs de manière stéréocontrôlée. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la synthèse de 1,3,5,7-tétraols et une méthode a été mise au point pour former ces composés en utilisant deux cyclisations de Prins successives suivies d'une coupure réductrice du bis-tétrahydropyrane obtenu. Cette méthode permet d'accéder à tous les diastéréoisomères des tétraols efficacement et elle a été appliquée avec succès à la synthèse du (+)-cryptocaryol A, un composé polyhydroxylé stabilisant PdCd4, qui est une protéine inhibant le développement cellulaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une approche synthétique de la filipine III, un macrolide naturel possédant des propriétés antibiotiques et antifongiques, et comportant un fragment 1,3-polyol et un fragment pentaénique. Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées afin d'accéder à ces deux fragments, qui ont été synthétisés de manière convergente. Leur assemblage a été réalisé grâce à une réaction d'aldolisation diastéréosélective et nous avons pu accéder au squelette carboné complet de la filipine III

La diplomacia brasileña hacia el Medio Oriente: una estrategia oscilante

This paper deals with the Brazilian foreign policy towards the Middle East. First, it presents historical backgrounds in order to get a better understanding of the drastic evolution of biregional links until nowadays. Then it focuses on the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva presidency (2003-2010) and relates its diplomatic activism to four main motivations: the PT�s ideology, the influence of economic flows, the growing interest of Arab communities that live in Brazil and the governmental will to promote the country at the global level. We finally tackle the first decisions made by Dilma Rousseff (2011 - ) regarding the situation in the Middle East. We defend that they traduce a more hesitant diplomacy.Este artículo trata de la política exterior brasileña hacia el Medio Oriente. Comienza con una retrospectiva sobre los años del Tercermundismo, para mejor entender la evolución actual de los lazos birregionales. Luego se enfoca en la presidencia de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) explicando su activismo diplomático hacia esta región a través de cuatro variables: el peso de la ideología del PT, el papel de los flujos económicos, el creciente interés de las comunidades árabes desde Brasil y la voluntad gubernamental de promover el país a escala global. Finalmente analizamos las primeras decisiones tomadas por Dilma Rousseff (Presidente desde 2011) con respecto de la situación de Medio Oriente que parecen señalar una diplomacia más errátic

Stereoselective synthesis of 1,3-polyols - synthesis of (+)-cryptocaryol A and synthesis of the carbon skeleton of filipin III

Les motifs 1,3-polyols sont fréquemment rencontrés dans de nombreuses molécules naturelles biologiquement actives. Cependant, à ce jour, il n'existe que peu de méthodes générales et efficaces permettant d'accéder à ces motifs de manière stéréocontrôlée. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la synthèse de 1,3,5,7-tétraols et une méthode a été mise au point pour former ces composés en utilisant deux cyclisations de Prins successives suivies d'une coupure réductrice du bis-tétrahydropyrane obtenu. Cette méthode permet d'accéder à tous les diastéréoisomères des tétraols efficacement et elle a été appliquée avec succès à la synthèse du (+)-cryptocaryol A, un composé polyhydroxylé stabilisant PdCd4, qui est une protéine inhibant le développement cellulaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une approche synthétique de la filipine III, un macrolide naturel possédant des propriétés antibiotiques et antifongiques, et comportant un fragment 1,3-polyol et un fragment pentaénique. Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées afin d'accéder à ces deux fragments, qui ont été synthétisés de manière convergente. Leur assemblage a été réalisé grâce à une réaction d'aldolisation diastéréosélective et nous avons pu accéder au squelette carboné complet de la filipine III.1,3-Polyols are present in a large variety of biologically active natural products. However, right now only a few general and efficient methods have been described to access these compounds in a stereocontrolled manner. We were particularly interested in the synthesis of 1,3,5,7-tetraols and a method has been developed to prepare these compounds, using two successive Prins cyclizations followed by a reductive cleavage of the resulting bis-tetrahydropyran. This efficient method allows the access to all the diastereomers of these tetraols and has successfully been applied to the synthesis of (+)-cryptocaryol A, a polyhydroxylated compound which stabilizes PdCd4, a protein inhibiting the cellular growth. We have also developed a synthetic approach toward filipin III, an antibiotic and antifungal macrolide, which possesses a 1,3-polyol part and a pentaenic part. Several strategies have been envisaged to construct these fragments, which have been synthesized in a convergent manner. These fragments were then coupled using a diastereoselective aldolisation and we were able to access the complete carbon skeleton of filipin III